Faith, Sacrifice, Commitment and Patience.
These are just some of the qualities that characterize Prophet
Ibrahim or Abraham as he is called in English (peace be upon him).
So it should come as no surprise that he is revered not just in
Islam, but in Christianity and Judaism as well. Prophet Ibrahim is also a
great personality to discuss in dialogues between Muslims, Jews and
Christians. Here is some basic information about him from the three
perspectives:
1. Islam
“Salam (peace) be upon Abraham!” God says in the Quran (37:109).
In Islam, Prophet Ibrahim is the friend of God and the father of
Prophets (Ismail or Ishmael in English and Ishaq or Isaac and the
grandfather of Prophet Yaqub or Jacob). He is also one of the ancestors
of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him).
Anyone who rejects Prophet Ibrahim is not a true believer in Islam. Prophet Ibrahim plays a key role in this regard.
In terms of beliefs, a Muslim must believe in all of the Prophets.
This includes not just Prophet Ibrahim, but his sons Ismail, Ishaq, his
grandson Yaqub and of course his descendant Prophet Muhammad.
When it comes to the five pillars of Islam, the importance of Prophet Ibrahim becomes even more evident.
The second pillar of Islam is Salah, the obligatory five daily
prayers. Every Muslim who has reached the age of puberty is accountable
for their prayers, be he male or be she female, whether they live in the
desert of northern Arabia, a village of northern Pakistan or an urban
center of North America.
During one part of each of these five prayers, Muslims must ask God
to send His blessings upon Prophet Ibrahim. Now calculate this: you’ve
got more than a few million Muslims, every day, five times a day, in
virtually every time zone on this planet asking God to send His
blessings on Prophet Ibrahim in the course of his/her prayer.
More importantly, the direction in which every Muslim must face when
praying is towards a structure Prophet Ibrahim built with his son
Ismail: the Kaba, in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
With regards to the Kaba, God says this about it: “The first House
(of worship) appointed for men was that at Bakka (another name for
Makkah); full of blessings and guidance for all kinds of beings: in it
are signs manifest, the station of Abraham-whoever enters it attains
security; pilgrimage thereto is a duty men owe to God-those who can
afford the journey; but if any deny faith, God stands not in need of any
of His creatures”(Quran 3:96-97).
This leads to the second way in which this Prophet, described as the intimate friend of God (Quran 4:125), is revered: Hajj.
Hajj is the pilgrimage every Muslim must make to Makkah at least once
in his/her lifetime. Hajj is also an obligation no Muslim is allowed to
reject or ignore. It is in this rite that Prophet Ibrahim’s importance
becomes even more prominent.
In general, Prophet Ibrahim’s centrality to this fifth pillar of
Islam is indicated by the Prophet Mohammed’s statement, You must adhere
to the traditions and rituals (of Hajj), for these have come down to you
from (your forefather) Ibrahim in heritage (Tirmidhi).
First, the Kaba is the central structure around which the Hajj takes
place. No Hajj is valid without going around this structure built by
Prophets Ibrahim and Ismail in counterclockwise fashion seven times.
Second, Muslims who perform the Hajj or Umra must run in the middle
portion of the distance between Safa and Marwa (two hills close to the
Kaba) seven times. This is a commemoration of the sacrifice of the wife
of Abraham, Hajira (may God be pleased with her) for her son Prophet
Ismail
Prophet Ibrahim had settled his wife and son in the valley of Makkah
by God’s order to pioneers a civilization. It was from this civilization
that the Prophet Mohammed was born.
Finally, Prophet’s Ibrahim’s willingness to sacrifice his beloved son
Ismail for the sake of God exemplifies not only his sincere devotion to
God. The commemoration of this sacrifice is practiced with the
sacrifice of an animal during Hajj and one of the two Islamic holy days:
Eid-ul-Adha.
Both father and son willingly submitted to God’s command. God
substituted a ram in Ismail’s place at the last moment. God talks about
this incident in Quran 37:100-107.
The sacrifice that is offered by Muslims all over the world every
year (at Eid-ul-Adha) is in commemoration of the supreme act and spirit
of sacrifice offered by Prophet Abraham in lieu of his son Ismail.
2. Judaism
According to A Concise Encyclopedia of Judaism by Dan Cohn-Sherbok
(Oneworld Publications 1998), Prophet Abraham is the father of Jewish
people.
According to Scripture, he was the son of Terah and the father of
Isaac, who was born to Sarah, and he is also the father of Ishmael, who
was born to Hagar.
After leaving Ur of the Chaldees, Abraham traveled to Canaan, visited
Egypt and returned to Hebron. God appeared to him in a vision. He
promised Abraham that his descendants would inherit the land. God tested
Abraham’s faith by asking him to sacrifice his son Isaac (Gen.
11:26-25:10).
When the mother of Isaac, Sarah, died, Abraham bought the cave of Macpelah as a burial place. Abraham died at the age of 175.
According to the Oxford Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion by
Louis Jacobs (Oxford University press 1999), the story of Abraham is
narrated in the book of Genesis (11:27-25:18). Here is an excerpt from
that section (from Genesis 22:2-13) which focuses on the Abraham’s
sacrifice of his son Isaac, according to Jewish tradition:
And He said, “Take now your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love,
and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering on
one of the mountains of which I shall tell you”.
So Abraham rose early in the morning and saddled his donkey, and took
two of his young men with him, and Isaac his son; and he split the wood
for the burnt offering, and arose and went to the place which God had
told him.
Then on the third day Abraham lifted his eyes and saw the place afar
off. And Abraham said to his young men, “Stay here with the donkey; the
lad and I will go yonder and worship, and we will come back to you.’
So Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering and laid it on Isaac
his son; and he took the fire in his hand, and a knife, and the two of
them went together.
But Isaac spoke to Abraham his father and said, “My father!” And he
said, “Here I am, my son.” And he said, “Look, the fire and the wood,
but where is the lamb for a burnt offering?’
And Abraham said, “My son, God will provide for Himself the lamb for a burnt offering.” And the two of them went together.
Then they came to the place of which God had told him. And Abraham
built an alter there and placed the wood in order; and he bound Isaac
his son and laid him on the alter, upon the wood.
And Abraham stretched out his hand and took the knife to slay his
son. But the Angel of the LORD called to him from heaven and said
“Abraham, Abraham!” And he said, “Here I am.”
And He said, “Do not lay your hand on the lad, or do anything to him;
for now I know that you fear God, since you have not withheld your son,
your only son, from Me.”
Then Abraham lifted his eyes and looked, and there behind him was a
ram caught in a thicket by its horn. So Abraham went and took the ram,
and offered it up for a burnt offering instead of his son.
A majority of contemporary scholars think that he lived in approximately the eighteenth-century before the Christian Era.
In the Jewish tradition, he is the father of the Jews and Judaism.
God’s covenant with Abraham is expressed in the rite of circumcision
(Genesis 17) and male Jewish children, to this day are, for the most
part circumcised.
This act is called ‘entry into the covenant of Abraham our father’,
and the name of the rite itself is the ‘berit’; the ‘covenant’.
Abraham is also considered the spiritual father of anyone who
converts to Judaism. At a Jewish conversion ceremony, a convert is given
a Hebrew name and is called a ‘child of Abraham our father’.
3. Christianity
It is through the central figure of Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him)
that Prophet Abraham is given prominence in the Christian tradition.
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia Volume 1 (1999, Kevin Knight,
online version), in the New Testament, the generation of Jesus Christ is
traced back to Abraham by St. Matthew.
Similarly, as the New Testament traces Prophet Jesus’ descent of
Jesus to Prophet Abraham, it does the same of all Jews in terms of
“carnal” descent.
However, in the New Testament, it is not this carnal descent from
Abraham to which importance is attached but importance is placed on
practicing the virtues attributed to Abraham in Genesis. Thus in John,
8, the Jews say (33): “We are the seed of Abraham”, and Jesus replies
(39): “If ye be the children of Abraham, do the works of Abraham”.
The Catholic Encyclopedia also notes that Prophet Abraham may
considered the source of Old Testament religion. From the days of
Prophet Abraham, men were accustomed to speaking of God as the God of
Abraham, while Prophet Abraham is not found referring in a similar way
to anyone preceding him.
According to the A Concise Encyclopedia of Christianity by Geoffrey Parrinder
(Oneworld Publications 1998), Abraham is a great Hebrew patriarch and
is considered the common spiritual father of the Abrahamic religions:
Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
Paul wrote of all those who have faith being children of Abraham
(Gal. 3:7). Prophet Abraham’s faith and example is cited by many
Christian authors.
According to Luke 16:22, Jesus spoke of Abraham’s bosom as a symbol of Paradise (Luke 16:22).
Christians believe God first gave Abraham a son through a bond woman
named Hagar. This son was named Ishmael. God gave him a second son from
his barren wife Sarah. He was named Isaac.
According to Christian tradition, God asked Abraham to sacrifice his
son Isaac “to prove that he was ‘worthy of becoming the father of a
mighty nation, which would be as numerous as the stars in the sky or the
grains of sand on the seashore’”
From “A History of God, the 4,000-year Quest of Judaism, Christianity
and Islam” by Karen Armstrong published by Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.
